Asthma: tests and stages of diagnosis

The diagnosis of asthma usually requires a medical history, physical examination and lung tests.

The diagnosis of asthma is based on several factors, including a detailed medical history, a physical examination, your symptoms, your general health and test results.

Medical history

The first step in diagnosing asthma is to discuss your symptoms and health status with your doctor. This may give you a clue as to whether your symptoms are caused by asthma or something else. Your doctor may ask you about your symptoms and your exposure to asthma-associated substances. These questions may include.

What are your symptoms, when do they occur, and what triggers them, if anything?

Are you regularly exposed to tobacco smoke, chemical fumes, dust or other irritants in the air?

Do you have hay fever or any other allergic disease?

Do you have any blood relatives, such as parents, aunts, uncles, grandparents or cousins, who suffer from asthma, hay fever or other allergies?

What health problems do you have?

What medications or herbal supplements do you take?

What do you do at work?

Do you have pets, or do you own pigeons?

Physical exam

Your doctor may.

Check your nose, throat, and upper airway.

Listen to your breathing with a stethoscope. Shortness of breath and a high-pitched wheezing sound when you exhale is one of the main signs of asthma.

Check your skin for signs of allergies, such as eczema or hives.

Your doctor will want to know if you have any of the usual signs and symptoms of asthma, for example.

Recurrent wheezing

coughing

Breathing problems

Chest discomfort

Symptoms that appear or increase at night

Symptoms triggered by cold air, exercise, or allergen exposure

Signs and symptoms of asthma in children

There are other signs and symptoms that may indicate the presence of asthma in children. They may include the following.

Breathing that is louder or faster than usual.

Frequent coughing or coughing that gets worse after active play.

Cough, clear mucus and runny nose due to hay fever.

Absence from school for several days

Limited participation in physical activities

Testing or studying

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Your doctor may use several tests to determine how well your lungs are working.

Spirometry

This is the main test doctors usually use to diagnose asthma in people age 5 and older.

To find out how well your lungs are working (lung function), you breathe in deeply and exhale forcefully into a tube connected to a spirometer. It records both the amount of air you exhale (volume) and the rate of exhalation. If some of the readings are lower than normal for someone your age, this may indicate that asthma has constricted your airways.

After the lung test, your doctor may ask you to inhale your asthma medication to open your airways and retest. If you get significant improvement after taking the medicine, this may mean you have asthma.

Stimulation test

If your spirometer results are normal or near normal, your doctor may try to induce asthma symptoms by asking you to inhale a substance that narrows the airways of people with asthma, such as methadone.

If your asthma seems to be triggered by exercise (exertional asthma), you may be asked to exercise to see if this triggers your symptoms.

You should repeat the spirometry test after each activity. If your spirometry readings are normal, you probably do not have asthma. However, if your readings are significantly lower, you may have asthma.

Lung tests and screening for children

Doctors rarely test the lungs of children under the age of five. Instead, diagnosis is usually based on the child's signs and symptoms, medical history and physical examination. Diagnosing asthma in young children is especially difficult because there are many conditions that cause asthma-like symptoms at this age.

If your child's doctor suspects asthma, he or she may prescribe a bronchodilator, a medication that opens the airways. If your child's signs and symptoms improve after using a bronchodilator, he or she may have asthma.

Exhaled air nitric oxide testing

Breathe into a tube connected to a machine that measures the amount of nitric oxide in your breath. Your body normally produces nitric oxide, but an elevated level of nitric oxide in your breath could mean that your airways are inflamed, which is a sign of asthma.

Other tests: how to rule out diseases other than asthma

If your doctor suspects that you have a condition other than asthma or another medical condition, you may need the following tests

A computer-based tomography (CT) scan or also a chest x-ray or CT scan of the sinuses.

Blood tests.

Evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Sputum examination of the lungs (injection and examination of the sputum) to look for signs of viral or bacterial infection.

Your physician may also want to check for other conditions that often accompany asthma and may worsen symptoms. These include the following.

Heartburn (also known as GERD or gastroesophageal reflux disease).

Hay fever

Sinusitis.

Your doctor may also do an allergy test. This may be a skin test, a blood test, or both. Although allergy tests are not used to diagnose asthma, they can help identify allergic conditions that may be causing symptoms or worsening existing asthma, such as hay fever.

Sometimes it can be difficult to diagnose the cause of a breathing problem. Differentiating asthma from other conditions can be difficult, especially in young children.

If asthma occurs at the same time as other diseases that affect breathing, it can make diagnosis even more difficult.

Even if a diagnosis is not made, the doctor may prescribe medications or other treatments to see what helps. It can take time and patience to make an accurate diagnosis and determine the best treatment.

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Top ten tricks for faster hair growth

Does your hairdresser get creative and cut your hair shorter than you'd like? Are you tired of having short hair and want it long and straight? Did you just get a haircut and miss the sleek look you had before? Don't worry. In this article, we'll show you how to make your hair grow faster, so you don't have to wait forever. Check out our products, offers, and tips to make your hair grow like a lion.

How long does it take to grow hair?

Before we talk about tips for fast hair growth, it's best to know that hair growth has a phase called anagen (as part of the hair's life cycle), which in the broadest sense can last from 2 to 6 years.

The length of this phase of hair growth does not only depend on how you care for your hair or the products you use. Other factors such as genetics, hormonal changes, stress, lifestyle, and diet can affect the rate of hair growth.

A little bit every day.

If you're obsessed with growing your hair faster, you know you have no choice but to be patient, honey. Why? Healthy hair grows an average of 0.4 mm per day (or 2.8 mm per month and 14.6 cm per year). This is not true.

What can I do to make my hair grow faster?

If you want to know what you can do to make your hair grow faster, here are 10 real secrets.

1 - Trim your hair regularly.

Although it may seem counterintuitive, trimming split ends is a great way to keep hair healthy and promote faster growth. Damaged or damaged hair grows more slowly than hair that's in good condition, so make an appointment with your hairdresser every three months, and you'll notice the difference. Tell your hairdresser to cut your hair as little as possible.

2 - Maximize hair hydration and nourishment.

Consider using a hair oil, such as coconut or olive oil, to give your hair shine and softness and stimulate growth.

Once a week, you can create a moisturizing hair growth mask with ingredients you have at home. All you need is

2-egg yolks.

2-tablespoons of olive oil.

1-cup of water

If you mix these ingredients well and apply them on your hair for half an hour, when you wash your hair you will see how soft and healthy it is.

Pampered and nourished, hair grows longer and faster:

3- Use specific products for hair growth.

As you probably know, there are a wide variety of products on the market that contain ingredients that can help hair growth: shampoos, lotions, conditioners, masks, etc.

Among the ingredients that help hair growth, you should look for the following in your hair care products

Arginine (an amino acid that nourishes the hair, giving it shine and increasing its growth).

Marine glycogen (gives vitality to the hair and allows it to produce proteins more quickly).

Vitamin B.

Zinc (helps produce creatine and collagen).

Red onion (super antioxidant, stimulates blood circulation).

4 - Rinse hair thoroughly with lukewarm water.

When washing the hair, it is important to rinse it well so that no residue or elements are left to prevent proper oxygenation.

Another significant tip: the water with which you rinse your hair should be pleasantly warm. Water that is too hot can irritate the scalp and cause other problems, so it should be avoided.

5 - Comb and dry your hair very well.

Both when brushing and blow-drying your hair, do it gently and gently. Brushing your hair daily stimulates the blood circulation of the scalp and helps the hair to grow longer and better. If you also use brushes with wooden bristles, you will take better care of your hair and reduce the frizz effect that bothers us so much.

6- Spend some time with hair dyes and heat on your hair

Although fantasy hair dyes are very fashionable, if what you really want is that your mane becomes a melon, take a break from dyes for a while. You should also avoid or reduce the use of heat tools such as irons, curling irons, curling irons… Their incorrect or prolonged use thins the hair and makes it more fragile and brittle.

7- Join the fashion of scarves and bandanas

Scarves and bandanas have become, in a short time, the star accessory that can be used for any occasion. They are a perfect option to decorate the hair without damaging it and make it healthy and grow without problems.

8- Take care of your diet and take vitamins to promote hair growth.

Among many other health benefits, a balanced and varied diet can help you show off your great hair. Include foods with nutrients and vitamins to help your hair grow faster: vitamins A, C and B, iron, biotin, zinc, potassium, beta-carotene, Omega-3…

To make your hair grow fast, don't forget to add to your shopping list: green leafy vegetables (lettuce, chard, broccoli, spinach), carrots, avocado, citrus fruits (orange, grapefruit, lemon), legumes (lentils, chickpeas…), oily fish, eggs, dairy products, nuts, cereals… and drink water frequently.

9- Check the lunar calendar before getting a haircut

Although they are popular beliefs without any scientific evidence… we tell you about them just in case! They say that depending on the phase of the moon when you cut your hair, it will grow faster or slower. So, according to this theory, your hair will grow faster if you cut it in the crescent moon phase, between the new moon and the full moon. If you've put it into practice and find it works, we'd love to hear about it!

10- Extend your dry shampooing time

If your hair gets dirty too quickly, and you need to keep that pleasant feeling of clean hair for longer and not having to wash it so often, your best ally will undoubtedly be dry shampoo. You don't need water, it works for all types of hair, you have an infinite number of different ranges, and they all smell great. If you haven't tried it yet… you don't know what you're missing!

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Have you heard about H1N1 influenza A?

Influenza A H1N1 is the replacement of the influenza virus to which we cannot be immune, so prevention is necessary. The health department in Spain announces that the flu is a disease that we contract through acute respiration caused by a virus, and for that reason antibiotic drugs are not effective, and their use can cause drug resistance.

The state of Mexico in April 2009 spread the news that there were 20 deaths and thousands infected by influenza A in their country. In just a few days, on April 29th, it was announced that the first person infected by what is called swine flu (swine flu) died outside Mexico. It was a baby just a few months old from breastfeeding in Texas (United States).

From that moment on, the new flu virus, which was later called (influenza A) since there were no records of it, has been spreading throughout the world. Populations with scarce resources and lack of progress in the area of health are the ones that suffer the most. In Brazil, more than five hundred people have died of the disease.

In another case, in Europe. And definitely. In Spain. Although the number of infected people has increased considerably. The mortality rate has dropped to people with only a few lessons previously or with very low defense systems. Example the situation of pregnant women.

How many people have died from influenza A H1N1?

At the end of August 2009. The health department confirmed that although the number of infections is listed at 15,000 for the week, the figure seems to have normalized. The figure seems to have normalized. On August 28th, the number of deaths in Spain due to this disease was 20.

Before the arrival of autumn, it is quite relevant to be vaccinated. In any case, in people more vulnerable to be infected with the virus. Such a vaccine may not be ready until November. Thus. Vaccinations would start one month ahead of the launch of the period when infections could be discharged (October).

The voice of some medical specialists affirms that (influenza A) is not more lethal than the common flu, although it is very easy to spread. So it is very interesting or relevant to take precautions for its prevention.

People most likely to suffer from influenza A H1N1.

People with chronic diseases, heart conditions and breathing problems.

Pregnant women.

People suffering from moderate to severe renal insufficiency and/or anemia.

People with liver disease or no spleen.

Severe neuromuscular diseases.

Transplanted persons.

People with immunosuppression.

People suffering from cancer.

Young people under 18 years of age who receive prolonged acetylsalicylic (aspirin) treatments.

Morbidly overweight people.

Diabetics with treatments.

Below we detail which people can contract or catch influenza A more easily and what measures should be taken to prevent it as well as if there is already an infection.

How to prevent influenza A?

In order to avoid the flu, some measures have been taken into account.

Avoid close contact with people already suffering from the flu, fever, or cough.

Maintain good hygiene by washing your hands with soap every 10 to 20 seconds frequently also wash between the fingers for better care also the pulse or wrists of the arms as an alternative. You can also use alcohol gel or liquid alcohol to disinfect.

Do not touch your eyes, nose, much less your mouth.Ventilate the most open places.

Cover your mouth and nose while sneezing or coughing with a disposable handkerchief or, if not, with the fold of your elbow.

Use masks or masks (we recommend it only in overcrowded areas or if you are prone to contagion), without forgetting that they have a time limit of use.

Avoid kissing, shaking hands while shaking hands. Also, refuse close contact, such as using glasses, spoons, or any common utensil that can bring contagion.

If you are still infected by the virus, the symptoms are the same of any flu (a fever above 38º, general malaise, cough, sore throat, muscle pain, nasal congestion, among others). The sick person is referred to the health authorities of his or her autonomous community to find out his or her current condition.

Below is the contact number for each Autonomous Community.

Likewise. The health authorities advise you not to leave your home to prevent any type of contagion. During the flu process in order to continue with the treatment and take care of the people close to you.

To expand the information, you can do it through the contact of the Ministry of Health (901 400 100). Or also from its web page.

Andalusia: 902 505 060

Aragón: 112 and 061

Balearic Islands: 061

Canary Islands: 012

Cantabria: 942 357 418

Catalonia: 902 111 444

Galicia: 061

Valencian Community: 900 161 161

Rest of Autonomous Communities: 112

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The rarest diseases

Below, we will show you the ten rarest diseases that are hard to believe in their care. Some diseases are a total mystery to modern medicine because sufferers fight an almost unwinnable battle. This time we will focus on some bizarre diseases that are little known genetic malformations, below the details.

 

Diprosopus:

 

This is a very rare disease in which the limbs of the sufferer are duplicated, even worse depending on the degree of alteration may have. Two, or three. Or four ears. Four eyes, two separate lips and in many cases united, but of great size. Most babies with diprosopus are stillborn. Only a handful may survive a few minutes or even hours, but unfortunately no longer. This same malady is recorded in two-faced animals, but very few have survived due to malformations to internal organs and brain abnormalities.

 

Hypertrichosis:

 

Also known among humans as werewolf syndrome. It is a very rare disease that stands out for the existence of facial hair. People who suffer from it are completely covered except for the palms of the hands and feet. The anuvo can measure up to twenty-five centimeters, and only fifty cases have been documented in the history of modern medicine.

And if you are curious, anuvo is a fine whitish fuzz-like hair that can only be seen in newborns and then disappears after the first few months after birth. But in those who suffer from this disease, the anuvo continues and grows throughout their lives. It is known that this disease is due to genetic mutation and most of the time it is obtained by family inheritance:

 

The disease gives. F, O, P:

 

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Also known by its acronym. F, O, P. O. is an inherited disease that causes an extreme and progressive ossification or deformity of muscles such as tendons and ligaments. All the above-mentioned in other words means that the tissues of the organism such as muscles or tendons ossify and transform into bones. These bone formations occur from childhood and gradually over time cause loss of mobility.

The progression of the disease is quite slow, but progressive as it develops deformities are shown functional disabilities also behavioral disturbances. In another case, the facial muscles as well as those indispensable for the vital functionalities of our organism. As the heart, lungs, diaphragm. Est. They are characteristically exempt from danger. But there is no doubt that this disease is a total challenge for the people who suffer from it.

 

Lewandouski-Luzt Dysplasia:

 

Lewandouski-Luzt Dysplasia, popularly known as tree man syndrome. It is a rare hereditary disorder associated with a high risk of carcinoma characterized by abnormal susceptibility to human papillomavirus that results in the development of scaly macules and papules covering the entire hand and feet. But occasionally it can show up in middle-aged types.

The name is due to the dermatologists who reported the first recorded case (Felix lewandowski and wills lust) that from their hands and feet arose tissues resembling tree roots. After several medical tests, doctors noticed that the person of Indonesian origin suffered from a strange condition called epidermodysplasia veruciformis, thus the disease gained fame and popularity and nowadays, many more cases have been reported.

 

Diphaly:

 

Diphalia is a rare abnormality, the characteristic of which is that the male sufferer carries two penises. The syndrome of the two penises, although it sounds a little funny, it is not really so. It is caused by some failure of the formations of the genital organs during the development of the fetus, specifically through the first month of gestation there are several situations, but being the complete formation the least common.

This consists in presenting two independent glands and two perfectly functioning penile bodies. This malformation can occur along with other types of duplicities such as. To kidneys, intestines, or in cases associated with the malformation produced by spina bifida, according to statistics, this anomaly is only suffered by 5.5 million men worldwide.

The first case was reported in the year 1692, since then only a hundred of cases has been counted, as a curious fact we can highlight that one of the last registered cases is of a 24-year-old man, married and of Hindu origin, who in spite of having two penises that work properly, has asked to have one of them removed. He wishes to have a pleasurable and above all a normal sex life.

 

Cutaneous horns:

 

This disease is of unknown origins, but it is believed that exposure can trigger this type of symptoms, this is presumed because most cases show up on the hands and face, areas that are normally exposed to sunlight. But there are also cases that originate from burn scars, as we have seen in other cases, horns with the same components that produce nails. Keratin, which is the same material that makes up the nails.

The horn can usually be removed by a sterile razor, in any case it will still have to be treated for the disease whose treatments may include. Surgeries, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.

 

Reyunad's syndrome:

 

Reyunad syndrome, or also popularly known as blue skin syndrome. This disease, as its name suggests, is characterized by a change in skin color. But it does not stop there. Also, the change of color, organs, and tissues of the patient in a kind of bluish-gray color. This disease can take place at any age and is caused by blockage of vessels.

The patient. It will have different color changes ranging from bluish to reddish. This syndrome may precede the diagnosis by more than a decade, i.e., the patient may present some minor symptoms in his youth. And after ten years it only manifests itself strongly, which allows physicians to determine. There is almost no information about this disease, a real mystery of modern medicine. Moreover, it has no known medical treatment.

Proteus syndrome:

 

Proteus syndrome or also known as elephantiasis is a congenital disease that causes excessive skin growth and abnormal bone development, mostly accompanied by tumors on more than fifty percent of the body. Real proteus syndrome is an extremely rare disease, only about two hundred cases have been confirmed worldwide, of which only 119 are still alive.

But it is possible that many more still continue to live because it is such a rare disease that makes it difficult to diagnose. The most famous case of this rare disease is the British Joseph, my king, who went down in history with the envelope name he (elephant man) was one of the most extreme cases of this syndrome.

 

Harlequin type ichthyosis:

 

Harlequin-type ichthyosis or harlequin disease. It is an extremely rare skin disease. It is characterized because it is divided into two stages, in the most advanced stage large and thick scales are generated. They appear all over the patient's skin, also known as fish skin disease. The first stage is known as harlequin ichthyosis, which is evident from birth. And it gets its name from the appearance that newborns show. It may resemble a harlequin costume.

They are born with upturned palps, so that instead of eyes you can see totally reddish eyelids, they are usually associated with facial organs and usually with abnormalities in another part of the body, especially in the thorax, also in the abdomen. With the corresponding respiratory and feeding difficulties. The prognosis with these patients is very bad, since the great majority lose their lives a few days or weeks after birth, and the few that can survive are very few. They have to fight to be accepted in this sad society.

 

Cutaneous porphyria:

 

Porphyria cutanea this syndrome is known as the vampire disease and is a strange disorder that is usually transmitted genetically whose symptoms cause blisters all over the body when exposed to sunlight, although transmission can be hereditary can aver other factors such as alcohol, drugs, infections and certain hormones that can trigger attacks of this type.

Vampire disease can manifest itself in the form of colic, abdominal pains, alterations of the nervous and muscular systems, discomfort in the extremities. Paralysis, mental problems and personality change is a fairly rare disease, so there are no medical treatments.

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Home remedies for headaches

If you have frequent headaches, you will love this post. It is a very frequent problem in our modern society. And unfortunately conventional medicine always treats it we would say in a too superficial way, that is to say, it only treats the symptom and the symptom is unknown to the doctor who is the last link in a whole chain of difficulties. Of a complete chain of difficulties. That is, the symptom, the headache, is nothing more than the malfunction of a part of our body.

According to oriental medicine. Of the liver and gall bladder. All headaches except those with very specific causes. Some brain tumor, For example, but except for those very rare and very exceptional situations most headaches have their origin in the alteration in the dysfunction of the liver. And gallbladder. We emphasize that this is the dysfunction. Not the disease. A cirrhosis does not cause a headache. But it does cause an alteration of the biliary partric by the stress of life, by the diet, by the lack of exercise, by the lack of sleep.

All these emotions alter the liver and the gallbladder and make it easier to produce cervical tension. That is what produces this headache on this occasion. We will talk about the headache is primarily that which affects the right side. In the form of right migraine, or stationary headache on the right side that sometimes even impacts the right eye, even these people who are with that headache are bothered by light and noise. Etc. Next, we will give you a very effective treatment in the form of natural medicinal plants that will help to improve the biliary and pelvic functions.

Home Remedies Against Headache:

Below we leave you the combination to equal measures for a better.

Result.

Milk thistle.

Peppermint.

Valerian.

Dandelion.

Green nettle.

Lime blossom.

Horsetail.

Orange blossom.

Mix all these plants in equal parts in terms of weight, except the milk thistle. Of this, we place half of the above ingredients. The iron is a glass of water when it is boiling, you remove it and add all these ingredients, one tablespoon for each mixture. Remember to make this mixture three times a day. We do the same process for each infusion that we prepare.

Always keeping in mind that it is at least 1 hour before each meal, dinner, or breakfast before or after is the same case. And we add to that mixture of plants (Ten drops of Valerian extract) and (Ten drops of black radish extract) a mixture on par of these ingredients in each preparation.

Cervical and Trapezius Tension:

In any case, mostly these headaches are. Accompanied by tension in the trapezius. It is a feeling as if we were some lump or backpack loaded all day on the shoulders, in this case you will add ten drops of (Extract of fumitory) and (Ten drops of green nettle). In each infusion that we prepare, all added together with the other ingredients.

But now let's suppose that apart from that tension headache. You also have a pain in the right shoulder blade in frequent you have a pain in the right shoulder blade in the right enter scapular area, what we call a rhomboid contracture. There is a very effective way to treat all of this. Also added to all the above given treatment we add these ingredients as well.

Right Shoulder Blade Pain OR Right Torticollis:

Surfur 5CH

Challidenium 9CH

Taking three granules a day one at a time, always before each meal at least 20 minutes before each meal. If you forget, you can take it one hour later. Remember that all these problems of intercalary contractures even the same headache always has a manual therapy for example a massage can be very effective.

But sometimes this massage is incomplete is when we apply this treatment of medicinal plants extracts or homeopathy even if this pain accompanies a pain in the back of the neck on the right side or in the right eye can add (Iris versicolor 9CH) three granules a day.

Home Remedies For Headache On Their Days:

It is very important if the headache persists in the days that the woman is in the days of rules, and they get that annoying headache. In this case, you will have to add the following.

Essence of marjoram: 2-drops

Actaea racemosa 9CH: three granules per day.

Liver cleansing manual therapy:

In any case you should always keep in mind that you can do a Manuel therapy by your physiotherapist even a liver cleansing especially when the problem is in the right shoulder when there is a tenditritis in the right shoulder that often this is also a hepatic dysfunction. For example, if your headache is right, they go together. Even if you are also suffering from tentritis in your right shoulder, the treatment of manual therapy, especially in the cervical area. It is essential.

And the liver cleansing treatment also becomes very relevant, you can do the treatment of natural plants that we mentioned in the post above. But to do a cleansing has become something indispensable, you can look for it in the thematic on dysfunctions. Search in Liver dysfunctions (Liver and gallbladder) cleansing. It will be a very useful cleaning to get this tension headache that many are the result of stress or food, completely sedate and disappear in an almost miraculous way.

In any case, if you want to know more about the back problems that have origin in some organs especially treat all these problems with medicinal plants with a good nutritional treatment that we have not mentioned above. Foods like chocolate, or coffee, are going to produce a lot of headaches, but if you want to know more about all these dysfunctional difficulties. Here in this website we will show you the complete details.

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Is mycoplasma a new silent sexual contact disease?

The disease was discovered in the 1980s, but has reached its epidemiological peak in recent years.

Chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes, syphilis and human papillomavirus? Most people are familiar with the most common sexually transmitted diseases in men and women. But there are other lesser-known silent enemies. Mycoplasma genitalium is an infection that has surpassed gonorrhea and affects about 1% of young adults, according to Dr. Carla Ferez Garcia, of the Gynecology of the Gregorio University Hospital and Department of Obstetrics. Marañón. This expert gives us the key to protect ourselves from this disease.

It is a bacterium that settles in the urinary tract and causes urethritis in men and cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease in women. It was discovered by researchers at the University of London in the 1980s, but its spread has increased in recent years and is more pronounced in people who are already infected with other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Like other diseases, it is transmitted during unsafe or unprotected sexual activity. Symptoms.

What can cause this disease in humans?

In men, up to 70% of those infected develop a UTI, with symptoms such as itching during urination, itching in the urethra and pus in the urethra. In women, the infection presents as an inflammation of the cervix, which does not usually cause symptoms, but in some cases there may be changes in vaginal discharge, bleeding during intercourse and itching during urination.

Women may also develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) with abdominal pain, discomfort during intercourse, heavy vaginal discharge and foul odor. The development can last up to six months.

Similar symptoms can be caused by other bacteria and require differential diagnosis with pathogens such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, ureaplasma or genital herpes viruses. Some studies have shown a close relationship between genital mycoplasma infection and HIV infection.

It is also being investigated as a possible cause of some infertility and ectopic pregnancy when detected in the vagina, cervix and endometrium.

Treatment.

There is no standard test to diagnose this infection, but a genital swab is usually taken in women and a urine sample in men. Testing is necessary if any of these symptoms are present. Even if the partner or sexual partner is diagnosed, treatment may be necessary given the high incidence of the disease.

This consists of a course of antibiotics (azithromycin) for 1-14 days. As usual, a condom should be used to avoid infection.

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What is Parkinson's disease

Negative points that Parkinson's brings

A widely used drug for the treatment of asthma, the popular salbutamol (or Ventolin), can open the way to prevent Parkinson's disease and improve its treatment, according to research led by the Harvard Medical School (USA). presents this week in the journal Science.
The authors of the work have shown that the drug counteracts a protein called alpha-synuclein, which is considered the main suspect in causing and progressing the disease.

 

In other research presented this week, scientists at Kyoto University (Japan) have obtained neurons from stem cells in the laboratory and successfully implanted them in the brain of cynomolgus monkeys, a species of Southeast Asian primates.

According to the results published in Nature, the treatment has alleviated symptoms of the disease and has not caused any significant side effects in the two years after the intervention. In this case, a neurotransmitter called dopamine, whose deficit causes the most characteristic symptoms of Parkinson's, as involuntary movements, has been restored.

Research sets the basis for testing therapies in people

 

Both investigations lay the foundations for testing treatments in patients. "We hope to start a clinical trial by the end of 2018," says Jun Takahashi, director of stem cell research.

 

Clemens Scherzer, director of drug-based research, also says that "we are working towards clinical trials", but without specifying when they will begin.

 

"These are complementary investigations that focus on the two main molecules involved in the disease," says Maria Josep Martí, coordinator of the Parkinson's unit at the Hospital Clínic in Barcelona. Acting on alpha-synuclein could slow the progression of the disease "if the hypothesis that this protein is responsible for such progression is confirmed". Acting on dopamine with neuronal implants could improve the control of your symptoms. But Martí warns that it is still too early to know if these therapies will be effective and safe.

 

How parkinson's disease spreads in the brain

 

The treatment of Parkinson's has relied on the last 50 years to restore dopamine in the brain with the drug levodopa, a breakthrough that changed the lives of patients and received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2000. However, Parkinson's disease It progresses even in people treated with levodopa and the dopamine deficit does not explain all its symptoms. These observations suggest that alterations of dopamine are not the cause of Parkinson's disease but one of its consequences.

 

The discovery that most patients have abnormal accumulations of alpha-synuclein in the brain has suggested that this protein could be a cause. In addition, in families where there are more cases of Parkinson's, genetic alterations have been identified that cause an excess of alpha-synuclein. This has led pharmaceutical companies to look for molecules to eliminate alpha-synuclein from the brain.

 

Researchers at Harvard Medical School have opted for a different strategy and have sought drugs, not to eliminate alpha-synuclein when it has already accumulated, but to prevent it from accumulating from the beginning. These drugs, they argue, could be useful to prevent the disease from progressing from the moment it is diagnosed.

 

Asthmatics treated with Ventolin have a 34% lower risk of Parkinson's.

 

To search for them, they have analyzed more than 1,100 drugs already approved for other ailments to see if any of them have any effect on alpha-synuclein. They have discovered that the so-called beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists counteract this protein. The most popular of these is the salbutamol that is prescribed for asthma.

 

After reviewing data from four million people in Norway in a collaboration with the University of Bergen, researchers have calculated that the risk of Parkinson's is 34% lower among those who are medicated with salbutamol than in the rest of the population. Conversely, those who take propanolol, which has the opposite effect on alpha-synuclein, have a twice as high risk.

 

"If, from these observations, the progression of the disease is halted, it would also deserve a Nobel Prize. But clinical trials will have to be carried out to check to what extent this strategy is useful for patients, "says Oriol de Fàbregues, a clinical researcher specializing in Parkinson's at the Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR).

 

The Japanese team bases its therapy on neurons obtained from iPS stem cells.

 

The team from the University of Kyoto, for its part, has explored the possibility of restoring part of the neurons that parkinsons destroy. Unlike other research groups that advocate implanting stem cells directly into the brain, Takahashi and his team have chosen to manipulate stem cells to obtain dopamine-producing neurons in the laboratory. They have worked with iPS stem cells - that is, not obtained from embryos.

 

By implanting neurons and not stem cells, the theoretical risk of tumor formation is reduced. None of the eleven macaques in which the treatment has been tried has suffered brain tumors after two years. The animals, which have a disorder equivalent to parkinson's, have improved their mobility. Likewise, it has been proven by magnetic resonance how the neurons have taken root in the brain. "This is the first study to show that human neurons derived from stem cells are effective and safe in a primate model of Parkinson's disease," says Takahashi.

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